以前在web端的身份认证都是基于Cookie | Session的身份认证, 在没有更多的终端出现之前，这样做也没有什么问题，但在Web API时代，你所需要面对的就不止是浏览器了，还有各种客户端，这样就有了一个问题，这些客户端是不知道cookie是什么鬼的。 (cookie其实是浏览器搞出来的小猫腻，用来保持会话的，但HTTP本身是无状态的, 各种客户端能提供的无非也就是HTTP操作的API)
而基于Token的身份认证就是应对这种变化而生的，它更开放，安全性也更高。
基于Token的身份认证有很多种实现方式，但我们这里只使用微软提供的API。
接下来的例子将带领大家完成一个使用微软JwtSecurityTokenHandler完成一个基于beare token的身份认证。
注意：这种文章属于Step by step教程，跟着做才不至于看晕，下载完整代码分析代码结构才有意义。
前期准备
推荐使用VS2015 Update3作为你的IDE，下载地址：https://www.jb51.net/softjc/446184.html
你需要安装.NET Core的运行环境以及开发工具，这里提供VS版：https://www.jb51.net/softs/472362.html
创建项目
在VS中新建项目，项目类型选择ASP.NET Core Web Application(.NET Core), 输入项目名称为CSTokenBaseAuth
Coding
创建一些辅助类
在项目根目录下创建一个文件夹Auth,并添加RSAKeyHelper.cs以及TokenAuthOption.cs两个文件
在RSAKeyHelper.cs中
using System.Security.Cryptography;
namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth
{
public class RSAKeyHelper
{
public static RSAParameters GenerateKey()
{
using (var key = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(2048))
{
return key.ExportParameters(true);
}
}
}
}
在TokenAuthOption.cs中
using System;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth
{
public class TokenAuthOption
{
public static string Audience { get; } = "ExampleAudience";
public static string Issuer { get; } = "ExampleIssuer";
public static RsaSecurityKey Key { get; } = new RsaSecurityKey(RSAKeyHelper.GenerateKey());
public static SigningCredentials SigningCredentials { get; } = new SigningCredentials(Key, SecurityAlgorithms.RsaSha256Signature);
public static TimeSpan ExpiresSpan { get; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(20);
}
}
Startup.cs
在ConfigureServices中添加如下代码：
services.AddAuthorization(auth =>
{
auth.AddPolicy("Bearer", new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()
.AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
.RequireAuthenticatedUser().Build());
});
完整的代码应该是这样
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
// Add framework services.
services.AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry(Configuration);
// Enable the use of an [Authorize("Bearer")] attribute on methods and classes to protect.
services.AddAuthorization(auth =>
{
auth.AddPolicy("Bearer", new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()
.AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
.RequireAuthenticatedUser().Build());
});
services.AddMvc();
}
在Configure方法中添加如下代码
app.UseExceptionHandler(appBuilder => {
appBuilder.Use(async (context, next) => {
var error = context.Features[typeof(IExceptionHandlerFeature)] as IExceptionHandlerFeature;
//when authorization has failed, should retrun a json message to client
if (error != null && error.Error is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
new { authenticated = false, tokenExpired = true }
));
}
//when orther error, retrun a error message json to client
else if (error != null && error.Error != null)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
new { success = false, error = error.Error.Message }
));
}
//when no error, do next.
else await next();
});
});
这段代码主要是Handle Error用的，比如当身份认证失败的时候会抛出异常，而这里就是处理这个异常的。
接下来在相同的方法中添加如下代码，
app.UseExceptionHandler(appBuilder => {
appBuilder.Use(async (context, next) => {
var error = context.Features[typeof(IExceptionHandlerFeature)] as IExceptionHandlerFeature;
//when authorization has failed, should retrun a json message to client
if (error != null && error.Error is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
new { authenticated = false, tokenExpired = true }
));
}
//when orther error, retrun a error message json to client
else if (error != null && error.Error != null)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
new { success = false, error = error.Error.Message }
));
}
//when no error, do next.
else await next();
});
});
应用JwtBearerAuthentication
app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication(new JwtBearerOptions {
TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters {
IssuerSigningKey = TokenAuthOption.Key,
ValidAudience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
ValidIssuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
ValidateLifetime = true,
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(0)
}
});
完整的代码应该是这样
using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;
using CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Diagnostics;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
namespace CSTokenBaseAuth
{
public class Startup
{
public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
{
var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
.SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)
.AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true);
if (env.IsEnvironment("Development"))
{
// This will push telemetry data through Application Insights pipeline faster, allowing you to view results immediately.
builder.AddApplicationInsightsSettings(developerMode: true);
}
builder.AddEnvironmentVariables();
Configuration = builder.Build();
}
public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { get; }
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
// Add framework services.
services.AddApplicationInsightsTelemetry(Configuration);
// Enable the use of an [Authorize("Bearer")] attribute on methods and classes to protect.
services.AddAuthorization(auth =>
{
auth.AddPolicy("Bearer", new AuthorizationPolicyBuilder()
.AddAuthenticationSchemes(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
.RequireAuthenticatedUser().Build());
});
services.AddMvc();
}
// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
{
loggerFactory.AddConsole(Configuration.GetSection("Logging"));
loggerFactory.AddDebug();
app.UseApplicationInsightsRequestTelemetry();
app.UseApplicationInsightsExceptionTelemetry();
#region Handle Exception
app.UseExceptionHandler(appBuilder => {
appBuilder.Use(async (context, next) => {
var error = context.Features[typeof(IExceptionHandlerFeature)] as IExceptionHandlerFeature;
//when authorization has failed, should retrun a json message to client
if (error != null && error.Error is SecurityTokenExpiredException)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 401;
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
new { authenticated = false, tokenExpired = true }
));
}
//when orther error, retrun a error message json to client
else if (error != null && error.Error != null)
{
context.Response.StatusCode = 500;
context.Response.ContentType = "application/json";
await context.Response.WriteAsync(JsonConvert.SerializeObject(
new { success = false, error = error.Error.Message }
));
}
//when no error, do next.
else await next();
});
});
#endregion
#region UseJwtBearerAuthentication
app.UseJwtBearerAuthentication(new JwtBearerOptions {
TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters {
IssuerSigningKey = TokenAuthOption.Key,
ValidAudience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
ValidIssuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
ValidateLifetime = true,
ClockSkew = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(0)
}
});
#endregion
app.UseMvc(routes =>
{
routes.MapRoute(
name: "default",
template: "{controller=Login}/{action=Index}");
});
}
}
}
在Controllers中新建一个Web API Controller Class，命名为TokenAuthController.cs。我们将在这里完成登录授权
在同文件下添加两个类，分别用来模拟用户模型，以及用户存储，代码应该是这样
public class User
{
public Guid ID { get; set; }
public string Username { get; set; }
public string Password { get; set; }
}
public static class UserStorage
{
public static List<User> Users { get; set; } = new List<User> {
new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user1",Password = "user1psd" },
new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user2",Password = "user2psd" },
new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user3",Password = "user3psd" }
};
}
接下来在TokenAuthController.cs中添加如下方法
private string GenerateToken(User user, DateTime expires)
{
var handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
ClaimsIdentity identity = new ClaimsIdentity(
new GenericIdentity(user.Username, "TokenAuth"),
new[] {
new Claim("ID", user.ID.ToString())
}
);
var securityToken = handler.CreateToken(new SecurityTokenDescriptor
{
Issuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
Audience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
SigningCredentials = TokenAuthOption.SigningCredentials,
Subject = identity,
Expires = expires
});
return handler.WriteToken(securityToken);
}
该方法仅仅只是生成一个Auth Token,接下来我们来添加另外一个方法来调用它
在相同文件中添加如下代码
[HttpPost]
public string GetAuthToken(User user)
{
var existUser = UserStorage.Users.FirstOrDefault(u => u.Username == user.Username && u.Password == user.Password);
if (existUser != null)
{
var requestAt = DateTime.Now;
var expiresIn = requestAt + TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan;
var token = GenerateToken(existUser, expiresIn);
return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new {
stateCode = 1,
requertAt = requestAt,
expiresIn = TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan.TotalSeconds,
accessToken = token
});
}
else
{
return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { stateCode = -1, errors = "Username or password is invalid" });
}
}
该文件完整的代码应该是这样
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt;
using System.Security.Claims;
using System.Security.Principal;
using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;
using CSTokenBaseAuth.Auth;
namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class TokenAuthController : Controller
{
[HttpPost]
public string GetAuthToken(User user)
{
var existUser = UserStorage.Users.FirstOrDefault(u => u.Username == user.Username && u.Password == user.Password);
if (existUser != null)
{
var requestAt = DateTime.Now;
var expiresIn = requestAt + TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan;
var token = GenerateToken(existUser, expiresIn);
return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new {
stateCode = 1,
requertAt = requestAt,
expiresIn = TokenAuthOption.ExpiresSpan.TotalSeconds,
accessToken = token
});
}
else
{
return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(new { stateCode = -1, errors = "Username or password is invalid" });
}
}
private string GenerateToken(User user, DateTime expires)
{
var handler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
ClaimsIdentity identity = new ClaimsIdentity(
new GenericIdentity(user.Username, "TokenAuth"),
new[] {
new Claim("ID", user.ID.ToString())
}
);
var securityToken = handler.CreateToken(new SecurityTokenDescriptor
{
Issuer = TokenAuthOption.Issuer,
Audience = TokenAuthOption.Audience,
SigningCredentials = TokenAuthOption.SigningCredentials,
Subject = identity,
Expires = expires
});
return handler.WriteToken(securityToken);
}
}
public class User
{
public Guid ID { get; set; }
public string Username { get; set; }
public string Password { get; set; }
}
public static class UserStorage
{
public static List<User> Users { get; set; } = new List<User> {
new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user1",Password = "user1psd" },
new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user2",Password = "user2psd" },
new User {ID=Guid.NewGuid(),Username="user3",Password = "user3psd" }
};
}
}
接下来我们来完成授权验证部分
在Controllers中新建一个Web API Controller Class，命名为ValuesController.cs
在其中添加如下代码
public string Get()
{
var claimsIdentity = User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
var id = claimsIdentity.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "ID").Value;
return $"Hello! {HttpContext.User.Identity.Name}, your ID is:{id}";
}
为方法添加装饰属性
[HttpGet]
[Authorize("Bearer")]
完整的文件代码应该是这样
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using System.Security.Claims;
namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Controllers
{
[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class ValuesController : Controller
{
[HttpGet]
[Authorize("Bearer")]
public string Get()
{
var claimsIdentity = User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
var id = claimsIdentity.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "ID").Value;
return $"Hello! {HttpContext.User.Identity.Name}, your ID is:{id}";
}
}
}
最后让我们来添加视图
在Controllers中新建一个Web Controller Class，命名为LoginController.cs
其中的代码应该是这样
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
namespace CSTokenBaseAuth.Controllers
{
[Route("[controller]/[action]")]
public class LoginController : Controller
{
public IActionResult Index()
{
return View();
}
}
}
在项目Views目录下新建一个名为Login的目录，并在其中新建一个Index.cshtml文件。
代码应该是这个样子
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<button id="getToken">getToken</button>
<button id="requestAPI">requestAPI</button>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.1.1.min.js"></script>
<script>
$(function () {
var accessToken = undefined;
$("#getToken").click(function () {
$.post(
"/api/TokenAuth",
{ Username: "user1", Password: "user1psd" },
function (data) {
console.log(data);
if (data.stateCode == 1)
{
accessToken = data.accessToken;
$.ajaxSetup({
headers: { "Authorization": "Bearer " + accessToken }
});
}
},
"json"
);
})
$("#requestAPI").click(function () {
$.get("/api/Values", {}, function (data) {
alert(data);
}, "text");
})
})
</script>
</body>
</html>
以上就是本文的全部内容，希望对大家的学习有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持。
