变量作用域
变量由作用范围限制
分类:按照作用域分类
- 全局(global):在函数外部定义
- 局部(local):在函数内部定义
变量的作用范围
- 全局变量:在整个全局范围都有效
- 全局变量在局部可以使用(即函数内部可以访问函数外部定义的变量)
- 局部变量在局部范围可以使用
- 局部变量在全局范围无法使用
LEGB原则
- L(Local)局部作用域
- E(Enclosing function local)外部嵌套函数作用域
- G(Global module)函数定义所在模块作用域
- B(Buildin):python内置模块的作用域
# 认为a1是全局的 a1 = 100 def fun(): print(a1) print("I am in fun") # a2的作用范围是fun a2 = 99 print(a2) print(a1) fun() # print(a2)
100
100
I am in fun
99
提升局部变量为全局变量
使用global
案例如下
def fun(): global b1 b1 = 100 print(b1) print("I am in fun") b2 = 99 print(b2) fun() print(b1)
100
I am in fun
99
100
global,local函数
可以通过globals和locals显示出局部变量和全局变量
参考一下案例
# globals 和 locals # globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数 a = 1 b = 2 def fun(c,d): e = 111 print("Locals={0}".format(locals())) print("Globals={0}".format(globals())) fun(100, 200)
Locals={'c': 100, 'd': 200, 'e': 111}
Globals={'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': 'Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment', '__package__': None, '__loader__': None, '__spec__': None, '__builtin__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '_ih': ['', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', 'def fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \nfun()', 'def fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\n# globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'], '_oh': {}, '_dh': ['d:\\Jupyter\\nootbook\\笔记'], 'In': ['', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', 'def fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \nfun()', 'def fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', '# globals 和 locals\n# globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'], 'Out': {}, 'get_ipython': <bound method InteractiveShell.get_ipython of <ipykernel.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell object at 0x000001B07AF18BA8>>, 'exit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x000001B07D7398D0>, 'quit': <IPython.core.autocall.ZMQExitAutocall object at 0x000001B07D7398D0>, '_': '', '__': '', '___': '', '_i': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', '_ii': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '_iii': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i1': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a2)', 'a1': 100, 'fun': <function fun at 0x000001B07D8C41E0>, '_i2': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)', '_i3': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '_i4': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\nprint(a2)', '_i5': '# 认为a1是全局的\na1 = 100\n\ndef fun():\n print(a1)\n print("I am in fun")\n a2 = 99\n print(a2)\n \nprint(a1)\nfun()\n# print(a2)', '_i6': 'def fun():\n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n \nfun()', '_i7': 'def fun():\n global b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i8': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i9': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i10': 'def fun():\n global b1 \n b1 = 100\n print(b1)\n print("I am in fun")\n b2 = 99\n print(b2)\n\nprint(b1)', '_i11': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals())\n \nfun(100, 200)', '_i12': '# globals 和 locals\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)', 'a': 1, 'b': 2, '_i13': '# globals 和 locals\n# globals 和 locals 叫做内建函数\na = 1\nb = 2\n\ndef fun(c,d):\n e = 111\n print("Locals={0}".format(locals()))\n print("Globals={0}".format(globals()))\n \nfun(100, 200)'}
eval()函数
把一个字符串当成一个表达式来执行,返回表达式执行后的结果
语法:
eval(string_code, globals=None, locals=None)
exec()函数
跟eval功能类似,但是,不返回结果
语法:
exec(string_code, globals=None, locals=None)
x = 100 y = 200 # 执行x+y # z = x + y z1 = x + y z2 = eval("x+y") print(z1) print(z2)
300
300
# exec案例 x = 100 y = 200 # 执行x+y # z = x + y z1 = x + y # 1. 注意字符串中引号的写法 # 2. 比对exec执行结果和代码执行结果 z2 = exec("print('x+y:',x+y)") print(z1) print(z2)
x+y: 300
300
None
递归函数
- 函数直接或者间接调用自身
- 优点:简洁,理解容易
- 缺点:对递归深度有限制,消耗资源大
- python对递归深度有限制,超过限制报错
- 在写递归程序的时候,一定注意结束条件
# 递归调用深度限制代码 x = 0 def fun(): global x x += 1 print(x) # 函数自己调用自己 fun() # 调用函数 # fun()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
RecursionError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-23-bfedb7e396bc> in <module>
10
11 # 调用函数
---> 12 fun()
<ipython-input-23-bfedb7e396bc> in fun()
7 print(x)
8 # 函数自己调用自己
----> 9 fun()
10
11 # 调用函数
... last 1 frames repeated, from the frame below ...
<ipython-input-23-bfedb7e396bc> in fun()
7 print(x)
8 # 函数自己调用自己
----> 9 fun()
10
11 # 调用函数
RecursionError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python object
# 斐波那契数列 # 一列数字,第一个值是1,第二个也是1,从第三个开始,每一个数字的值等于前两个数字出现的值的和 # 数学公式为: f(1) = 1, f(2) = 1, f(n) = f(n - 1) + f(n - 2) # 例如: 1,1,2,3,5,8,13.... # n表示求第n个数字的斐波那契数列的值 def fib(n): if n == 1 or n == 2: return 1 elif n > 0: return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2) else: return None print(fib(3)) print(fib(5)) print(fib(10)) print(fib(-1)) print(fib(1))
2
5
55
None
1
内置数据结构(变量类型)
- list
- set
- dict
- tuple
list(列表)
一组有顺序的数据的组合
创建列表
- 空列表
# 1. 创建空列表 l1 = [] # type是内置函数,负责打印出变量的类型 print(type(l1)) print(l1) # 2. 创建带值的列表 l2 = [100] print(type(l2)) print(l2) # 3. 创建列表,带多个值 l3 = [2,3,5,5,9,7,8,] print(type(l3)) print(l3) # 4. 使用list() l4 = list() print(type(l4)) print(l4)
<class 'list'>
[]
<class 'list'>
[100]
<class 'list'>
[2, 3, 5, 5, 9, 7, 8]
<class 'list'>
[]
列表常用操作
访问
- 使用下标操作(索引)
- 列表的位子是从0开始
分片操作
- 对列表进行任意一段的截取
- l[:]
# 下标访问列表 l = [3,2,5,1,9,8,7] print(l[1])
2
print(l[0])
3
# 分片操作 # 注意截取的范围,包含左边的下标值,不包含右边的下标值 print(l[1:4]) # 下标值可以为空,如果不写,左边下标值默认为0,右边下标值为最大数加一,即表示截取到最后一个数据 print(l[:]) print(l[:4]) print(l[2:])
[2, 5, 1]
[3, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
[3, 2, 5, 1]
[5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
print(l) # 分片可以控制增长幅度,默认增长幅度为1 print(l[1:6:1]) # 打印从下标1开始的数字,每次隔一个 print(l[1:6:2]) # 下标可以超出范围,超出后不在考虑多余下标内容 print(l[2:10]) # 下标值,增长幅度可以为负数 # 为负数,表明为从右往左 # 规定: 数组最后一个数字的下标是-1
[3, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
[2, 5, 1, 9, 8]
[2, 1, 8]
[5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
# 分片之负数下标 print(l) # 下面显示的是为空,因为默认分片总是从左向右截取 print(l[-2:-4]) print(l[-4:-2]) # 如果分片一定左边值比右边大,则步长参数需要使用负数 # 此案例为一个list直接正反截取提供了一个思路 print(l[-2:-4:-1]) print(l[-1:-8:-1])
[3, 2, 5, 1, 9, 8, 7]
[]
[1, 9]
[8, 9]
[7, 8, 9, 1, 5, 2, 3]
分片操作是生成一个新的list
内置函数id,负责显示一个变量或者数据的唯一确定编号
# id函数举例 a = 100 b = 200 print(id(a)) print(id(b)) # a跟c指向同一份数据 c = a print(id(c)) a = 101 print(a) print(c) print(id(a)) print(id(c))
140734817148832
140734817152032
140734817148832
101
100
140734817148864
140734817148832
# 通过id可以直接判断出分片是重新生成了一份数据还是使用同一份数据 l = [3,5,6,8,5,43,4,7] ll = l[:] # 分片操作 lll = ll # 如果两个id值一样,则表明分片产生的列表是使用的同一地址同一份数据 # 否则,则表明分片是重新产生了一份数据,即一个新的列表,然后把数据拷贝到新列表中 print(id(l)) print(id(ll)) print(id(lll)) # 通过id知道,ll和lll是同一份数据,验证代码如下 l[1] = 100 print(l) print(ll) print(lll) ll[1] = 100 print(ll) print(lll)
1857540073800
1857540052488
1857540052488
[3, 100, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 5, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 5, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 100, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
[3, 100, 6, 8, 5, 43, 4, 7]
总结
到此这篇关于python变量作用域与列表的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关python变量作用域与列表内容请搜索以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持!