基本介绍
一个对象只允许被一次创建,一个类只能创建一个对象,并且提供一个全局访问点。
单例模式应该是应用最广泛,实现最简单的一种创建型模式。
特点:全局唯一,允许更改
优缺点
优点:
- 避免对资源的多重占用,如写入文件操作
- 节省内存
- 防止命名空间被污染
缺点:
- 没有接口,不能继承,与单一职责原则冲突,一个类应该只关心内部逻辑,而不关心外面怎么样来实例化
Python实现
方式1,元类实现:
class MetaClass(type): def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ self : class Singleton """ if not hasattr(self, "ins"): insObject = super(__class__, self).__call__(*args, **kwargs) setattr(self, "ins", insObject) return getattr(self, "ins") class Singleton(object, metaclass=MetaClass): pass if __name__ == "__main__": ins = Singleton() print(id(ins)) ins = Singleton() print(id(ins))
方式2,继承实现:
class ParentClass: def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) -> object: """ cls : class Singeton """ if not hasattr(cls, "ins"): insObject = super(__class__, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) setattr(cls, "ins", insObject) return getattr(cls, "ins") class Singleton(ParentClass): pass if __name__ == "__main__": ins = Singleton() print(id(ins)) ins = Singleton() print(id(ins))
方式3,装饰器实现:
def warpper(clsObject): def inner(*args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(clsObject, "ins"): insObject = clsObject(*args, **kwargs) setattr(clsObject, "ins", insObject) return getattr(clsObject, "ins") return inner @warpper class Singleton: pass if __name__ == "__main__": ins = Singleton() print(id(ins)) ins = Singleton() print(id(ins))
方式4,模块实现:
- foo.py --> ins = Singleton() - bar.py --> from foo import ins
方式5,@classmethod实现单例模式:
class Singleton: @classmethod def getSingletonInstanceObject(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, "ins"): insObject = cls(*args, **kwargs) setattr(cls, "ins", insObject) return getattr(cls, "ins") if __name__ == "__main__": ins = Singleton.getSingletonInstanceObject() print(id(ins)) ins = Singleton.getSingletonInstanceObject() print(id(ins))
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